Unit 07
📊 68 Periods · Second Largest
System Analysis
& Design
Learn how professional software systems are planned, analysed and built — from identifying business problems and assessing feasibility, to drawing Data Flow Diagrams (DFD) and Logical Data Structures (LDS), designing databases, writing test cases and deploying systems. Covers competency levels 7.1–7.10 from the NIE ICT syllabus.
🏗️ System Concepts
📋 Types of Info Systems
🔄 SDLC Models
🌀 Waterfall Model
🌀 Spiral Model
⚡ Agile & Prototyping
📐 SSADM
🔍 Feasibility Study
📄 Requirement Analysis
🗺️ Business Activity Model
📊 Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)
📁 Document Flow Diagram
🔗 Logical Data Structure (LDS)
💼 Business System Options
🎨 Logical Design
📝 Elementary Process Desc.
🧪 White & Black Box Testing
🚀 Deployment Methods
📦 Off-the-Shelf Packages
🔧 Business Process Reengineering
📐 SDLC — Waterfall Model Stages
01
Preliminary Investigation
Identify problems & suggest solutions
02
Feasibility Study
Technical, economic, operational & org.
03
Requirements Analysis
DFD, BAM, LDS, EPD, BSO
04
System Design
Logical design, UI, data dictionary
05
Implementation
Program & database development
06
Testing
Unit, integration, system, acceptance
07
Deployment
Parallel, direct, pilot or phased
08
Maintenance
Review, support & maintenance
📋 SDLC Models Comparison
| Model | Approach | Best For | Key Feature |
|---|---|---|---|
| Waterfall | Linear, sequential | Well-defined, stable requirements | Each stage completes before next begins |
| Spiral | Iterative with risk analysis | Large, high-risk projects | Risk assessment at each iteration |
| Agile | Iterative sprints, flexible | Changing requirements, small teams | Working software delivered frequently |
| Prototyping | Build → Evaluate → Refine | Unclear user requirements | User feedback shapes prototype early |
| RAD | Rapid Application Dev. | Short deadlines, component reuse | CASE tools, reusable components |
🧪 Testing Methods
Unit Testing
Tests individual modules or functions in isolation
Integration Testing
Tests combined modules working together
System Testing
Tests the complete system as a whole
Acceptance Testing
Client verifies system meets requirements
White Box Testing
Tester knows the internal code structure
Black Box Testing
Tests inputs/outputs without seeing code
📚 Competency Levels — Unit 07
COMPETENCY 7.1 · 4 PERIODS
System Characteristics
System concept and definition. Classification: open/closed, natural/manmade, living/physical systems, with examples.
COMPETENCY 7.2 · 4 PERIODS
Types of Information Systems
OAS, TPS, MIS, DSS, ESS, GIS, KMS, CMS, ERP, Smart Systems. Compare objectives and functionality of each.
COMPETENCY 7.3 · 8 PERIODS
SDLC Models & Methodologies
Waterfall, Spiral, Agile, Prototyping and RAD models. Structured vs. Object-Oriented methodologies. Applicability of each model.
COMPETENCY 7.4 · 2 PERIODS
SSADM
Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology. Stages of SDLC covered by SSADM and its structured approach to system development.
COMPETENCY 7.5 · 4 PERIODS
Feasibility Study
Preliminary investigation, identifying and prioritising problems. Technical, economic, operational and organisational feasibility types.
COMPETENCY 7.6 · 18 PERIODS
Current System Analysis
Functional and non-functional requirements. Business Activity Model, Data Flow Diagrams (context → level 1), Elementary Process Descriptions (EPD), Document Flow Diagrams, Logical Data Structure (LDS), Business System Options (BSO).
COMPETENCY 7.7 · 14 PERIODS
Proposed System Design
Logical DFD for proposed system, EPD in pseudo code, UI design, LDS for proposed system, table/record specifications, data dictionary and database design.
COMPETENCY 7.8 · 6 PERIODS
Development & Testing
Program development, database development. Test cases, white box and black box testing, unit, integration, system and acceptance testing.
COMPETENCY 7.9 · 4 PERIODS
System Deployment
Deployment methods: parallel, direct, pilot and phased. Hardware/software installation, data migration and user training. Review, support and maintenance.
COMPETENCY 7.10 · 4 PERIODS
Off-the-Shelf Packages
Advantages and disadvantages of packaged solutions. Business process gap analysis, business process mapping and reengineering. Customisation requirements.
📥 Unit 07 — Available Downloads
📄
Full Notes — SA & D
PDF · 5.5 MB · 76 pages
📄
SDLC Models Comparison
PDF · 1.0 MB · 8 pages
📄
DFD Drawing Guide & Exercises
PDF · 1.6 MB · 18 pages
📄
Short Notes — LDS
PDF · 397 KB · 5 pages