Unit 02
🖥️ Hardware & Architecture
Introduction to
Computer Systems
Explore the evolution of computing from early mechanical aids to modern multi-core processors. Understand the Von-Neumann architecture, CPU components, hardware peripherals and the full memory hierarchy — covering all four competency levels (2.1–2.4) from the NIE ICT syllabus.
🕰️ History of Computing
🔢 Generations of Computers
📐 Classification of Computers
⌨️ Input Devices
🖨️ Output Devices
💾 Storage Devices
🏗️ Von-Neumann Architecture
⚡ Fetch-Execute Cycle
🧠 CPU — ALU, CU, Registers
🔁 Multi-core Processors
📊 Memory Hierarchy
🔲 RAM, ROM & Cache
📚 Competency Levels — Unit 02
COMPETENCY 2.1 · 4 PERIODS
Evolution of Computers
History of computing from mechanical aids (abacus, Pascaline) to electronic generations (1G–4G). Classification by technology, purpose and size including smartphones, tablets and phablets.
COMPETENCY 2.2 · 6 PERIODS
Hardware Components & Interfaces
Input devices (keyboard, direct-entry), output devices (monitors, printers, plotters), storage devices (HDD, optical, flash), CPU compatibility and parallel/grid computing.
COMPETENCY 2.3 · 6 PERIODS
Von-Neumann Architecture
Stored program concept, major components (input, output, memory, ALU, CU), fetch-execute cycle, data and control buses, and the need for multi-core processors.
COMPETENCY 2.4 · 6 PERIODS
PC Memory System
Memory hierarchy — registers, cache (L1/L2/L3), RAM (SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM), ROM types (PROM, EPROM, EEPROM) and secondary storage. Compared by access time, cost and capacity.
📥 Unit 02 — Available Downloads
📄
Full Notes — Intro to Computer
PDF · 4.2 MB · 58 pages
📄
Generations of Computers Chart
PDF · 1.0 MB · 6 pages
📄
Von-Neumann Architecture Diagram
PDF · 0.8 MB · 4 pages
📄
Memory Hierarchy Notes
PDF · 1.3 MB · 10 pages
📊
Slide Deck — Computer Hardware
PPTX · 6.1 MB · 44 slides
📄
Hardware & Peripherals Worksheet
PDF · 1.1 MB · 12 pages