Term 1, 2 & 3 · Foundation of Agricultural Science · 250 Periods
Competency 01Grade 12 · Term 1⏱ 03 Periods📥 Notes Available
Introduction to Agricultural Science
කෘෂිකර්ම විද්යාවේ විද්යාත්මක හා කළමනාකරණ පරිසරය
Scientific background of agriculture and management. Explores how agriculture is a combination of science, technology and management — covering plant breeding, food technology, post-harvest technology, agricultural engineering and resource management.
Ancient agrarian systems, indigenous technology, green revolution, irrigation technology and modern commercial agriculture. Traces Sri Lanka's agricultural journey from ancient prosperity to export-oriented modern farming.
Role of agricultural policies in restructuring the development process. National agricultural policy, legal background, implementation in resource/food/market fields, and multi-purpose development schemes (Mahaweli, Udawalawa, Gal Oya).
Agriculture's GDP Contribution & Related Industries
GDP දායකත්වය, රැකියා ක්ෂේත්ර සහ කෘෂිකර්ම ආශ්රිත සේවා
Contribution of crops, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry to gross domestic production. Direct and indirect employment, activities to improve the sector, and industries and services related to agriculture.
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Competency 05Grade 12 · Term 1⏱ 07 Periods
Institutional Structures & Agro-Climatic Factors
ආයතනික ව්යූහය සහ කෘෂිදේශගුණ සාධක
Government, NGO, private and international institutions providing agricultural services. Agricultural potential in Sri Lanka and main agro-climatic factors — rainfall mechanisms, monsoons, inter-monsoons, light, temperature, relative humidity and evapo-transpiration.
Competency 06Grade 12 · Term 1⏱ 10 Periods📥 Notes Available
Impact of Climatic Factors & Agro-Meteorological Units
දේශගුණ සාධකවල බලපෑම සහ කෘෂිකාර්මික කාලගුණ ස්ථාන
Effects of rainfall, light, temperature, humidity, wind and evapo-transpiration on crop cultivation. Setting up, maintaining and operating an Agro-Meteorological Unit — data collection on rainfall intensity, atmospheric and soil temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and evaporation.
Classification of climatic, agro-climatic and agro-ecological zones of Sri Lanka. Soil formation through weathering, soil genesis factors and a study of the soil profile — horizons, profile development and its importance in agriculture.
Soil minerals, organic matter, organisms, water and air — and their impact on crop cultivation. Definition and importance of soil health, classification of physical, chemical and biological properties affecting soil health, field capacity and permanent wilting point.
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Competency 09Grade 12 · Term 2⏱ 08 Periods
Physical Properties of Soil
පසේ භෞතික ගුණාංග
Soil texture, structure, consistency, bulk density, true density, porosity and colour — how each affects soil health and crop cultivation. Practical determination methods for texture, structure, colour, bulk density and porosity calculations.
Soil reaction (pH, acidity, alkalinity, salinity), ion exchange, base saturation and their management. Biological factors (macro, meso and micro organisms), degradation of soil health — reasons, adverse effects and calculation of soil erosion.
Soil conservation methods (mechanical, agronomical, biological), soil rehabilitation techniques, and a study of Sri Lanka's major soil groups — RBE, RYP, Non-calcic Brown, Latosolic, Alluvial and Low Humid Gley soils — and their agricultural potential.
Essential macro and micro nutrients, active and passive absorption, Liebig's Law of Minimum. Chemical fertilizers (direct and mixed), organic manure (compost, green leaf, farmyard, liquid), bio-fertilizers (N-fixing, phosphate solubilizing and mobilizing) and preparation methods.
Land preparation objectives and steps (primary, secondary, intercultivation), methods (conventional, minimum tillage, zero tillage), paddy land preparation. Crop establishment by sowing and transplanting, nursery types (raised beds, tray, sponge, Dapog), maintenance and seedling production.
Surface and underground water sources, groundwater recharge, traditional and modern water lifting. Irrigation — net/gross requirement, interval, evapo-transpiration, efficiency strategies, surface/sub-surface/drip/sprinkler methods. Drainage systems — open drains, porous tubes, herringbone and parallel grid patterns.